{"ok":true,"data":[{"title":"Foundations: Section Index","slug":"foundations-index","summary":"Guide to the six files in the foundations section, what each covers, and the order to read them in.","sectionId":"01-foundations","sectionTitle":"Foundations","href":"/read/01-foundations/foundations-index","difficulty":"intro","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":5,"tags":["index","navigation","foundations"],"words":635,"isIndex":true,"order":0},{"title":"Start Here","slug":"start-here","summary":"What this corpus is, who the Yorùbá are, and how to read the material without being misled in either direction.","sectionId":"01-foundations","sectionTitle":"Foundations","href":"/read/01-foundations/start-here","difficulty":"intro","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":12,"tags":["orientation","introduction","navigation","demographics","geography"],"words":1442,"isIndex":false,"order":1},{"title":"How This Corpus Handles Evidence","slug":"how-this-corpus-handles-evidence","summary":"The three registers this corpus never blends, what the confidence markers mean, and why initiate-held knowledge is left as a marked gap instead of being filled in.","sectionId":"01-foundations","sectionTitle":"Foundations","href":"/read/01-foundations/how-this-corpus-handles-evidence","difficulty":"intro","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":15,"tags":["method","epistemology","sources","historiography","confidence"],"words":1703,"isIndex":false,"order":2},{"title":"The Demonization: How Yorùbá Religion Came to Be Called Devil Worship","slug":"the-demonization","summary":"A documented history of the process by which Yorùbá religion was reframed as satanic, from the missionary encounter through colonial vocabulary, Nigerian Pentecostalism and Nollywood, followed by what the tradition actually 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to be written in Arabic and then Roman script, who decided the spelling rules, and why the subdots and tone marks are not optional.","sectionId":"02-language","sectionTitle":"Language","href":"/read/02-language/yoruba-orthography","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":20,"tags":["orthography","writing-system","ajami","crowther","unicode","standardization","history"],"words":1701,"isIndex":false,"order":3},{"title":"How Yorùbá Builds Meaning: Word Formation and Etymology","slug":"yoruba-etymology-and-word-formation","summary":"The machinery Yorùbá uses to make new words, and a worked, confidence-flagged examination of the etymologies of the key religious and philosophical 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to Talk About Yorùbá Religion","slug":"translation-and-bias","summary":"How missionary and colonial translation produced the English words now used for Yorùbá religion, what Crowther's Bible did to Yorùbá religious vocabulary, how Èṣù came to mean Satan, and how to read older sources critically.","sectionId":"02-language","sectionTitle":"Language","href":"/read/02-language/translation-and-bias","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":34,"tags":["translation","missionary","colonialism","crowther","esu","methodology","historiography","bias"],"words":3186,"isIndex":false,"order":8},{"title":"Written Yorùbá: Print, Novel, Theatre, Film, and the Language Now","slug":"yoruba-literature-and-modern-language","summary":"The Yorùbá press, D. O. Fágúnwà and the Yorùbá novel, Tutuola's contested place, the travelling theatre, Yorùbá film, and where the language stands in education and online.","sectionId":"02-language","sectionTitle":"Language","href":"/read/02-language/yoruba-literature-and-modern-language","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":26,"tags":["literature","fagunwa","tutuola","theatre","ogunde","film","press","education","nlp"],"words":1915,"isIndex":false,"order":9},{"title":"Starting to Read Yorùbá: A Practical Guide for Adults","slug":"learning-yoruba-resources","summary":"How an adult who speaks some Yorùbá but cannot read it can start, covering the alphabet, tone marks, greetings, core vocabulary, keyboards, and named quality resources with 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Niger.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-ife-classical-age","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":22,"tags":["ile-ife","art","bronze","terracotta","obalufon","benin","owo","metallurgy","glass","classical"],"words":1737,"isIndex":false,"order":3},{"title":"The Ọ̀yọ́ Empire","slug":"history-oyo-empire","summary":"How Ọ̀yọ́ rose to dominate the western Yoruba region and beyond, the constitutional machinery that constrained its king, the cavalry that made it work, and why both eventually failed.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-oyo-empire","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":26,"tags":["oyo","alaafin","oyo-mesi","basorun","ogboni","cavalry","dahomey","constitution","empire"],"words":1869,"isIndex":false,"order":4},{"title":"The Other Yoruba States","slug":"history-other-yoruba-states","summary":"Ijẹ̀bú, Ẹ̀gbá, Èkìtì, Ìjẹ̀ṣà, Ondó, Ọ̀wọ̀, Kétu, Sábẹ̀, Ìbàdàn, Abẹ́òkúta and Lagos, each with its own institutions rather than as branches of Ọ̀yọ́.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-other-yoruba-states","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":28,"tags":["ijebu","egba","ekiti","ijesa","ondo","owo","ketu","sabe","ibadan","abeokuta","lagos","awori","institutions"],"words":2242,"isIndex":false,"order":5},{"title":"Economy, Craft and Trade","slug":"history-economy-and-trade","summary":"Farming, iron, cloth and glass; the market system and the women who ran it; cowrie money; and the routes that tied Yorubaland to the Sahara and the Atlantic.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-economy-and-trade","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":24,"tags":["economy","trade","markets","iyalode","cowries","aso-oke","ironworking","palm-oil","kola","trans-saharan"],"words":2166,"isIndex":false,"order":6},{"title":"The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Yoruba","slug":"history-atlantic-slave-trade","summary":"How the collapse of Ọ̀yọ́ and the wars that followed fed the last decades of the Atlantic trade, why so many Yoruba ended up in Cuba and Brazil, and what returned.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-atlantic-slave-trade","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":24,"tags":["slave-trade","atlantic","cuba","brazil","lucumi","nago","saro","aguda","abolition","diaspora"],"words":1770,"isIndex":false,"order":7},{"title":"The Nineteenth Century 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identity.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-christianity-islam-colonial","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":28,"tags":["christianity","islam","cms","crowther","peel","colonialism","indirect-rule","ogboni","ethnogenesis","translation"],"words":2482,"isIndex":false,"order":9},{"title":"The Twentieth Century to Now","slug":"history-twentieth-century","summary":"Cultural nationalism and the African church movement, the Abẹ́òkúta women's revolt, Awólọ́wọ̀ and the Western Region, the Yoruba in the Nigerian federation, and the present revival of interest in traditional knowledge.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-twentieth-century","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":26,"tags":["nationalism","ransome-kuti","awolowo","western-region","federation","urbanization","revival","agbekoya"],"words":2431,"isIndex":false,"order":10},{"title":"A Yoruba Chronology, with Confidence Levels","slug":"history-chronology","summary":"A dated timeline of Yoruba history in which every entry is marked for how well the date is actually established, since much early dating is contested.","sectionId":"03-history","sectionTitle":"History","href":"/read/03-history/history-chronology","difficulty":"intro","confidence":"contested","reading_time_min":18,"tags":["chronology","timeline","dating","confidence","reference"],"words":2061,"isIndex":false,"order":11},{"title":"Cosmology, Ethics and Epistemology","slug":"cosmology-index","summary":"Index to the section covering the structure of the Yoruba 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ibori.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-ori","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":26,"tags":["ori","ori-inu","ipori","ibori","destiny","personhood","abimbola","abiodun","primary-texts"],"words":2132,"isIndex":false,"order":3},{"title":"Àyànmọ́, Kádàrá, Ìpín: Destiny and its Negotiation","slug":"cosmology-ayanmo","summary":"The three Yoruba terms for destiny, how destiny is received, and the sustained scholarly argument over whether Yoruba destiny is fatalistic, with the case that it is negotiable rather than fixed.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-ayanmo","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"contested","reading_time_min":28,"tags":["destiny","ayanmo","kadara","ipin","akunleyan","free-will","determinism","balogun","oduwole","gbadegesin","contested"],"words":2443,"isIndex":false,"order":4},{"title":"Ìwà and Yoruba 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art.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-ase","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":24,"tags":["ase","abiodun","drewal","barber","aesthetics","performativity","translation","oriki"],"words":1845,"isIndex":false,"order":6},{"title":"Personhood: What a Human Being Is Made Of","slug":"cosmology-personhood","summary":"Ara, emi, ori, okan and ojiji, the disagreement among scholars about how many elements there are, why \"soul\" fits none of them, and what Yoruba rebirth and ancestorhood actually claim.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-personhood","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"contested","reading_time_min":28,"tags":["personhood","ara","emi","okan","ojiji","eniyan","atunwa","abiku","ancestors","soul","gbadegesin","contested"],"words":2416,"isIndex":false,"order":7},{"title":"Epistemology: Ìmọ̀, Ìgbàgbọ́ and the Standards of 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Satan.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-esu","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":30,"tags":["esu","esu-odara","crossroads","trickster","ase","crowther","translation","satan","oyelaran","contested"],"words":2588,"isIndex":false,"order":9},{"title":"Ẹbọ: Sacrifice and Exchange","slug":"cosmology-ebo","summary":"What ebo does inside the system's own logic, its dependence on divination, the range from daily offering to symbolic substitution, and why the missionary reading of it as appeasement was wrong.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-ebo","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":24,"tags":["ebo","sacrifice","awolalu","divination","substitution","etutu","esu","missionary-frame"],"words":2105,"isIndex":false,"order":10},{"title":"Time, Causation and Misfortune","slug":"cosmology-time-and-misfortune","summary":"The four-day week and the ritual calendar, how a Yoruba diagnosis of a problem actually proceeds, and an accurate account of aje, women's spiritual authority and the Gelede response.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-time-and-misfortune","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":28,"tags":["calendar","ose","time","causation","misfortune","aje","iyami","gelede","lawal","drewal","oyewumi","contested"],"words":2862,"isIndex":false,"order":11},{"title":"Comparative Frame: Where the Categories Fail","slug":"cosmology-comparative-frame","summary":"How Yoruba philosophical concepts map and fail to map onto Greek, Christian, Islamic and modern Western categories, and what goes wrong when the translation is made anyway.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-comparative-frame","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"medium","reading_time_min":26,"tags":["comparative","translation","conceptual-decolonisation","wiredu","hallen","oluwole","method"],"words":2159,"isIndex":false,"order":12},{"title":"Destiny Is Negotiable","slug":"cosmology-destiny-is-negotiable","summary":"An analysis of human destiny in Yoruba metaphysics, examining the tripartite taxonomy of destiny, the role of human striving and moral character, and how self-inflicted ruin complicates fatalism.","sectionId":"04-cosmology","sectionTitle":"Cosmology","href":"/read/04-cosmology/cosmology-destiny-is-negotiable","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":25,"tags":["destiny","ayanmo","ori","akunleyan","akunlegba","ese","iwa","afowofa","soft-determinism","fatalism"],"words":3731,"isIndex":false,"order":13},{"title":"Ifá: Section 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and Read","slug":"ifa-binary-structure","summary":"Each Odù is two columns of four marks, every mark single or double, giving four bits per column, eight bits in total, and exactly 256 possible signatures.","sectionId":"05-ifa","sectionTitle":"Ifá","href":"/read/05-ifa/ifa-binary-structure","difficulty":"intermediate","confidence":"high","reading_time_min":30,"tags":["ifa","odu","binary","mathematics","notation","information-theory"],"words":3101,"isIndex":false,"order":2},{"title":"The 256 Odù: A Complete Reference Table","slug":"ifa-256-odu","summary":"All 256 Odù listed with signatures, the 16 principal Odù in the competing ranking orders, and an honest account of where the sources disagree.","sectionId":"05-ifa","sectionTitle":"Ifá","href":"/read/05-ifa/ifa-256-odu","difficulty":"advanced","confidence":"contested","reading_time_min":34,"tags":["ifa","odu","reference","taxonomy","lineage-variation","lucumi","fa"],"words":4523,"isIndex":false,"order":3},{"title":"Ẹsẹ Ifá: The Verses, 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