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How Yorùbá came to be written in Arabic and then Roman script, who decided the spelling rules, and why the subdots and tone marks are not optional.

How missionary and colonial translation produced the English words now used for Yorùbá religion, what Crowther's Bible did to Yorùbá religious vocabulary, how Èṣù came to mean Satan, and how to read older sources critically.

The CMS mission and Crowther, how and why Yoruba people converted to two world religions, the British annexation, indirect rule and what it did to kingship, and the making of "Yoruba" as one identity.

What Esu is in the Yoruba sources, why the divination system cannot function without him, and the documented history of the missionary translation that turned him into Satan.

Captured as a boy at Òṣogun and sold three times in a day, he became the first African Anglican bishop, wrote the first serious Yoruba grammar and dictionary, translated the Bible into Yoruba, and was broken at the end of his life by younger European missionaries.

The historical development of Yoruba dictionary-making from nineteenth-century missionary foundations through modern computational lexical databases.

A comprehensive historical examination of Badagry, covering its Ogu and Yoruba origins, Atlantic commercial rise, confederated political structure, missionary encounter, and modern heritage.

Samuel Àjàyí Crowther was an enslaved Yoruba youth who became the first African Anglican bishop, standardizer of the written Yoruba language, and primary translator of the Yoruba Bible.

A historical and scholarly examination of the translation of the Yorùbá deity Èṣù into the Christian Satan, the nineteenth-century colonial mechanisms of that conflation, and twentieth-century academic rehabilitations.

An analysis of colonial and missionary vocabulary shifts, examining how European terms like fetish and juju, alongside translated Yoruba concepts like Èṣù, Òrìṣà, and Olódùmarè, were reconfigured during nineteenth-century religious encounters.