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Yorùbá arms and fortification from iron-age edged weapons and Ọ̀yọ́'s cavalry economy through the nineteenth-century transition to imported firearms, and the archaeological evidence for defensive earthworks going back centuries before European contact.

Twenty-two Yorùbá proverbs on the sword, the arrow and the cudgel as objects, and on the exposed or unprepared state that a weapon exists to answer, presented with the original, a literal gloss, a named translation, and the situation each is spoken in.