People

A method note explaining what kind of evidence exists for Yoruba figures from the earliest traditions to 1900, why the oldest names cannot be treated as documented biography, and how this section marks the difference.

The figure at the root of Yoruba dynastic claims, the several incompatible traditions about who or what Òdùduwà was, the conflict with Ọbàtálá at Ilé-Ifẹ̀, and what archaeology and historians can and cannot establish.

The figure credited in tradition with founding both Ọ̀yọ́ and the second Benin dynasty, what the traditions say, where they conflict, and why the stone monolith bearing his name cannot date him.

Ṣàngó is worshipped as the òrìṣà of thunder and named in Ọ̀yọ́ king lists as the fourth Aláàfin, and this file sets out what each tradition says, why the two cannot simply be merged, and what scholars have argued.

The narrative of the Ifẹ̀ woman who let herself be captured to learn the raiders' secret and paid for it with her only son, the Ugbo counter-tradition in which she is a traitor, and the confusion of Ugbo with Igbo that has caused lasting trouble.

Ọbalúfọ̀n II Aláyẹmore, the Ifẹ̀ ruler credited with the introduction of brass casting and worshipped as patron of casters and weavers, and the copper mask that carries his name on an attribution made by a king in 1937.

The rulers of Ọ̀yọ́ from the height of the empire to its collapse and refounding, including Bàṣọ̀run Gàhá who ruled through them, the curse of Aláàfin Awólẹ̀, and the move to New Ọ̀yọ́ under Àtìbà.

The Ọ̀yọ́ war commander whose revolt broke the empire, the Fulani scholar whose community he armed, and how Ìlọrin passed from a Yoruba town under a Yoruba general to an emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate.

Captured as a boy at Òṣogun and sold three times in a day, he became the first African Anglican bishop, wrote the first serious Yoruba grammar and dictionary, translated the Bible into Yoruba, and was broken at the end of his life by younger European missionaries.

James "Holy" Johnson, Mọjọlá Agbébí and the generation of Sierra Leonean returnee clergy who took mission Christianity, found it would not admit them to leadership, and built African churches instead.

The town that replaced Ọ̀yọ́ as the dominant Yoruba power, the achieved-title constitution that let a farmer or an Ifá priest rise to command it, and the men who did.

The Kakanfò who went to war over a constitutional principle and lost his town, and the hunter who led the Ẹ̀gbá refugees to the rock at Abẹ́òkúta and governed them without a king.

The Ìjẹ̀ṣà commander who was twice an Ìbàdàn captive and ended as commander-in-chief of the eastern confederacy that fought Ìbàdàn to a standstill for sixteen years, and the diaspora arms network that made it possible.

The most powerful women in nineteenth-century Yorubaland, both of them large-scale slave traders, one killed by the ruler she had armed and the other exiled by a British consul, and the political office that made their power constitutional.

A dynastic quarrel inside one Lagos family, a British bombardment in December 1851 justified by the slave trade, and the cession of 1861 that made Lagos a British colony and began the conquest of Nigeria.

How Abẹ́òkúta went from a chief without a crown to a crowned Aláké in 1854, and the attempt by returnee intellectuals and traditional chiefs to build a modern state there that collapsed in 1874.

The pastor at Ọ̀yọ́ who wrote the book that made Yoruba history, the manuscript's loss and reconstruction, and the generation of Lagos men who first wrote Yoruba people into the record themselves.

The Yoruba people who came back, from Sierra Leone and from Brazil and Cuba, and what they built in Lagos: the mosques, the Brazilian quarter, the newspapers, and a babaláwo who carried Ifá back across the Atlantic.

Àrẹ̀ògún of Òsi, the Adúgbológun workshop of Abẹ́òkúta, Olówè of Ìṣẹ̀ and the carving lineages, and why so much of their work sits in museums labelled only "Yoruba."

Herbert Macaulay, Ọbáfẹ́mi Awólọ́wọ̀, Samuel Ládòkè Akíntọ́lá and Adégòkè Adélabú, the men who built Nigerian party politics out of Lagos and the Western Region between 1923 and 1966.

Mọ́ṣọ́ọ̀d Abíọ́lá and the annulled election of 12 June 1993, Ernest Ṣónẹ́kan, Bọ́lá Ìgè, Olúṣẹ́gun Ọbásanjọ́, Bọ́lá Tinúbú and the Afẹ́nifẹ́re tradition.

Fúnmiláyọ̀ Ransome-Kuti and the Abẹ́òkúta tax revolt, HID Awólọ́wọ̀, Wúràọlá Ẹsan, Fọláké Ṣólánkẹ́, Bọ́lá Kuforiji-Olubi, the Ìyálóde and Ìyálọ́jà offices in the modern state, and the Yoruba women who were first in law, medicine and the university.

The Ọ̀ọ̀ni lineage from Adéṣọjí Adérẹ̀mí to Adéyẹyè Ògúnwùsì, Aláàfin Lámídì Adéyẹmí III, the Aláké, the Awùjalẹ̀ Ṣikirú Adétọ́nà, the Ọba of Lagos, and how the office of ọba actually works in modern Nigeria.

The plays, the Nobel, the prison years, and the sustained argument in Myth, Literature and the African World that Yoruba cosmology is a body of tragic philosophy and not a folklore to be collected.

D. O. Fágúnwà and the Yoruba-language novel, Amos Tutùọlá, Níyì Òsúndáre, Fẹ́mi Òṣófisan, Akínwùnmí Ìṣọ̀lá, Adébáyọ̀ Fálétí, and the generation from Teju Cole to Ayọ̀bámi Adébáyọ̀.

Wándé Abímbọ́lá and the transcription of the Ifá corpus, Bọlájí Ìdòwú and diffused monotheism, J. Ọmọ́ṣadé Awólàlú, Jacob Olúpọ̀nà, Ṣóphì Olúwọlé, Ṣégun Gbádégẹṣin, Kọ́lá Abímbọ́lá and Oyèrónkẹ́ Oyěwùmí.

The Ìbàdàn school of history, Ṣàbúrí Bíọ́bákú and Bọ́lánlé Awé, Tóyìn Fálọlá, Ayọ̀ Bámgbóṣé and Adébóyè Bàbálọlá on Yoruba language and oral poetry, Rowland Abíọ́dún and Babátúndé Lawal on art, and Akínwùnmí Ògúndìran on archaeology.

Adéọ̀yè Lambo and the Aro village system, Olúyínká Olútóyè and fetal surgery, Adébáyọ̀ Ògúnlẹ́ṣì, Mike Adénúgà, Fọlọ́runṣọ́ Alákíjà, Fẹ́mi Òtédọlá and the tech founders of the current generation, with the ethnicity of each verified.

Túndé King and the invention of jùjú, Ayìndé Bákàrè, I. K. Dàiró, Harúnà Iṣọ̀lá and àpàlà, Ebenezer Obey and King Sunny Adé, and the fújì line from Ṣikirú Ayìndé Barrister to K1.

Fẹlá Aníkúlápó-Kuti in full, his sons Fẹmi and Ṣeun, Lágbájá and Aṣa, and the global Afrobeats generation from Wizkid and Davido to Tems and Ayra Starr, with ethnicity verified for each.

Hubert Ògúndé and the Yoruba travelling theatre, Dúró Ládipọ̀, Kọ́lá Ògúnmọ́lá and Baba Sala, the film line from Ọlá Balógun to Túndé Kèlání and Kúnlé Afọláyan, and the visual artists from Lámídì Fákẹ́yẹ and the Òṣogbo school to Yinka Shonibare.

Rashidi Yékínì, Ṣẹ́gun Ọdẹ́gbámi, Anthony Joshua, Israel Adésànyà, Bukayo Ṣaka and Adémọlá Lookman, with the ethnicity of each verified and the widely repeated but unverified claims named as such.

The òrìṣà priesthoods of Brazil, Cuba and the United States, the Ọ̀yọ́túnjí experiment, and the Yoruba-descended public figures of Britain and America from Kemi Badenoch to David Oyelowo.