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The Ọ̀yọ́ war commander whose revolt broke the empire, the Fulani scholar whose community he armed, and how Ìlọrin passed from a Yoruba town under a Yoruba general to an emirate of the Sokoto Caliphate.

How an Ọ̀yọ́ military outpost passed from Àfọ̀njá to a Fulani emirate inside the Sokoto Caliphate, what the sources actually establish about that sequence, and the four positions people hold about Ìlọrin's identity today.

A comprehensive history of Ìlọrin, tracing its origins from an Ọ̀yọ́ frontier settlement to an Islamic emirate, its political institutions, dynastic succession, and modern transformation.