Ṣàwárí

The farmland typology, land tenure, and cooperative and unfree labor institutions that produced Yoruba staple crops, and how Atlantic-introduced maize and cassava reshaped the food base from the sixteenth through nineteenth centuries.

Twenty-two Yorùbá proverbs on the enslaved person, the debt-pawn, and the freeborn, and on what the proverb tradition says a person in bondage is owed, denied, and worth.

An analysis of precolonial Yoruba monetary systems, cowrie inflation mechanics, credit institutions, and the colonial transition to British sterling.

An examination of Yoruba domestic servitude, the iwofa debt-pawnship system, internal legal categories, and the complex impacts of nineteenth-century wars and colonial abolition.