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What the century of wars did to Yoruba women: as captives and ransomed persons, as provisioners and arms dealers, as slaveholders and traders, as returnees building a new elite, and what it did to their position overall.

An examination of Yoruba defensive war medicine, exploring the physical preparation of ayeta and related charms, practitioner ontologies, tactical battlefield consequences, and critical historiographical debates.

An examination of Yoruba women during nineteenth-century warfare as military financiers, logisticians, captives, slaveholders, and political leaders under changing militarized state structures.