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A documented history of the process by which Yorùbá religion was reframed as satanic, from the missionary encounter through colonial vocabulary, Nigerian Pentecostalism and Nollywood, followed by what the tradition actually holds.

What Esu is in the Yoruba sources, why the divination system cannot function without him, and the documented history of the missionary translation that turned him into Satan.

A historical and scholarly examination of the translation of the Yorùbá deity Èṣù into the Christian Satan, the nineteenth-century colonial mechanisms of that conflation, and twentieth-century academic rehabilitations.